.

تأثیر اندازه دولت بر عملکرد اقتصادی از دیر باز مورد توجه اقتصاددانان بوده است. برخی از نظریهها تأکید جدی بر عدم مداخله دولت در فعالیتهای اقتصادی دارند و برخی دیگر دولت را عاملی برای رشد و توسعه معرفی میکنند. در این باره «بارو» معتقد است هنگامی که مخارج دولت در راستای تصحیح اثرات جانبی، انحصارها و مسائل مربوط به کالاهای عمومی باشد، میتواند منجر به تقویت رشد اقتصادی شود. همچنین دولت میتواند مخارج خود را برای تعریف قوانین؛ جهت حفاظت از مالکیت و برقراری امنیت بکار گیرد و از این طریق مشارکت مردم و رشد بالاتری را به ارمغان آورد. هدف مقاله بررسی ارتباط مخارج دولت و رشد اقتصادی و از آن طریق تعیین اندازه بهینه دولت در اقتصاد ایران در چارچوب مدل رشد بارو است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که تأثیر متغیر نسبت مخارج سرمایهگذاری دولت به تولید ناخالص داخلی بر نرخ رشد تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه در مقادیر کوچک مثبت و در مقادیر بزرگ منفی است. بدین ترتیب این فرضیه که اثر مخارج دولتی بر رشد اقتصادی تا دامنة خاصی، مثبت و پس از آن منفی است، مورد تأیید قرار میگیرد. به عبارت دیگر این فرضیه که مخارج دولت و رشد اقتصادی دارای ارتباطی غیرخطی است، مورد تأیید قرار میگیرد. همچنین سهم بهینه مخارج سرمایهگذاری دولت از تولید ناخالص ملی تقریباً برابر با 9/6 درصد است

The effects of caffeine, gliclazide, and prazosin on the performance and microbial diversity in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor

A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was deployed in this study to examine the relationship between pharmaceutical compounds and anaerobic process performance. The reactor successfully biotransformed up to 87–99% of psychostimulant caffeine, anti-diabetic drug gliclazide, and anti-hypertensive drug prazosin during 92 days of operation. At the same time, fluctuations were recorded for the methane gas production, and also the domination of acetic acid and propionic acid in the presence of pharmaceutical compounds was measured. The results from 16s rRNA sequencing revealed that these compounds stimulated the growth of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanobrevibacter and Methanobacterium, while shifting the compositions of hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. These outcomes proved the capability of the pharmaceutical compounds to influence the process performance by changing the microbial compositions in the anaerobic reactor

이란의 녹색 성장 전략: 에너지 믹스 및 수송 부문의 역할?

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2021. 2. Yoonmo Koo.이 연구는 이란의 온실가스 배출량에 큰 비중을 차지하는 전력 및 수송 부문에 대한 녹색 성장 전략을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 다음 세 개의 에세이를 수행하였다. 첫 번째 에세이에서는 ARDL(Autoregressive Distributed Lag) 및 ECM(Error-Correction Model)을 이용하여 에너지 믹스 및 수송 부문이 온실가스 배출량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 온실가스 배출량 감축에 장단기적으로 재생에너지는 긍정적인 영향, 경제 성장은 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. ECM-Granger 인과성 검정 결과 장기적으로 경제 성장과 차량 수가 온실가스 배출을 유발하는 것으로 확인되었다. 자동차의 수는 경제 성장과 CO2 배출에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에, 내연 기관 차량(ICEV)을 대체 연료 차량(AFV)으로 대체함으로써 경제 성장을 촉진함과 동시에 도로 교통 배출로 인한 환경 부작용을 줄일 수 있음을 보였다. 그러나 이는 AFV 충전에 필요한 전기가 재생에너지를 통해 발전될 경우에 가능한다. 두 번째 에세이는 이란의 4 대 도시에서 전기 자동차 (EV)에 대한 지불 의사를 분석하였다. 혼합로짓모델(MLX)의 결과는 구매 가격 (46.40 %), 연료 유형 (24.05 %), 충전소 가용성 (12.88 %), 비 금전적 인센티브 정책 순서로 구매에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 잠재 소비자는 낮은 구매 가격과 연료비를 선호했다. 시장 시뮬레이션 결과는 단일 정책보다는 종합적인 정책의 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났고, 이는 소비자의 이질성(각 속성에 대한 선호도 및 중요도가 소비자마다 다름)에 의한 것으로 보인다. LCM(Latent Class Model) 은 소비자 선호 유형에 따라 세 가지 소비자 그룹을 보여 주었으며, 이는 시장에서 EV의 보급률을 높이기 위한 수송 정책을 설계 할 때 고려해야 할 사항이다. 세 번째 에세이의 목표는 다음과 같이 두 가지이다. 첫째, 이란의 재생에너지(RE) 개발에 대한 걸림돌을 식별하여 순위를 매기고, 둘째, 태양광, 풍력 및 바이오 매스 중에서 가장 비용 효율적인 RE를 찾는 것이다. 문헌 조사 및 전문가 설문을 통해 13 개의 재생에너지 보급에 걸림돌이 되는 요인을 식별하여 경제 및 금융, 사회, 문화 및 행동, 정치 및 규제, 기술 및 제도의 5 개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 확인 된 걸림돌에 대한 전문가의 의견을 얻기 위해 AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Analysis)를 이용한 비교 조사를 수행했다. 그 결과, 경제적, 재정적, 사회적, 문화적, 행동 적, 기술적, 정치적, 규제 적, 제도적 장벽 순서로 RE 보급에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 장애 요인을 종합적으로 분석해 봤을 때 태양광 발전, 풍력 발전, 바이오 매스 발전 순서로 장애 요인이 더 적은 것을 식별하였다. 따라서 정부는 재생에너지 소비에 대한 최소 목표를 설정하는 형태로 지원 정책을 설계 할 때 비용 효율적인 재생에너지 옵션으로 태양광 발전에 더 많은 관심을 기울여야 한다. 마지막으로 체계적 경쟁력 모형(systemic competitiveness model)을 기반으로 관련 전략 및 실행 계획을 Micro-level, Messo 수준, Macro 수준, Meta 수준의 4 단계로 제안하였다. 키워드: 녹색 성장 전략, 신 재생 에너지, 전기 자동차, 혼합 로짓, ARDL, 공동 통합 회귀, AHP 학생 번호: 2017-39147This study aimed to design and structure the green-growth strategy for Iran regarding its energy-intensive sectors, namely the power and transportation sectors. Three essays were conducted to achieve this objective. By using the autoregressive distributed lag model and the error-correction model (ECM), the first essay investigated the short- and long-term environmental impacts of the energy mix in the transportation sector. The results confirm the negative and positive impacts of renewable electricity and economic growth on environmental degradation in both the short- and long-term. According to the results of the ECM-Granger causality test, economic growth and the number of vehicles are drivers of CO2 emissions in the long-term. The positive impact of vehicles on economic growth and CO2 emissions suggests that boosting economic growth while simultaneously reducing the environmental side-effects caused by road traffic emissions could be realized by replacing internal combustion engine vehicles with alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). However, the required electricity to drive the AFVs must be generated from renewable energies (REs). Therefore, the second essay modeled the willingness to pay for electric vehicles (EVs) in four megacities of Iran. The results of the mixed logit model show that purchase price (46.40%), fuel type (24.05%), availability of charging station (12.88%), and nonmonetary incentive policies are the most influential factors for the willingness to pay. Moreover, potential consumers prefer a lower purchase price and lower fuel costs. The results of the market simulation confirm the effectiveness of combined policies over the single policy, which can be attributed to the heterogeneity among potential consumers (the different preferences and different importance assigned to each attribute) and the synergy effects of all the policies. The results of the latent class model demonstrate three different groups of consumers (indicating the substantial heterogeneity among them) which must be considered when designing transportation policies to increase the EVs market penetration rate. The third essay had dual objectives: 1. identifying and ranking the barriers to the development of REs in Iran, and 2. determining the most cost-effective REs from solar Photovoltaics (PV) wind power, and biomass. From the surveyed literature and interaction with experts, thirteen barriers were identified and categorized into five groups: economic and financial, social, cultural, and behavioral; political and regulatory; technical; and institutional. A comparative survey was performed to obtain the experts opinion on the identified barriers. The results of the analytical hierarchy analysis show that the main impediments to expanding REs, in descending order, are economic and financial; social, cultural, and behavioral; technical; political and regulatory; and institutional. Moreover, the results indicate fewer barriers to the development of solar PV, followed by wind power, and biomass. Therefore, in designing supportive policies in the form of setting minimum targets for RE consumption, the government must pay more attention to solar PV as a cost-effective RE option. Finally, based on the systemic competitiveness model, the related strategies and action plans were proposed in four layers: the micro, meso, macro, and meta. Keywords: green growth strategy, renewable energy, electric vehicles, mixed logit, autoregressive distributed lag, co-integration regressions, analytical hierarchy analysis Student Number: 2017-39147Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1. Problem description 1 1.2. Irans auto industry at a glance 6 1.2.1. The significance of the auto industry 9 1.2.2. Production and import 10 1.2.3. The Market structures 14 1.2.4. Electric vehicle 16 1.3. Energy status in Iran 18 1.4. Energy policy in Iran 28 1.5. Methodologies 31 1.6. Thesis outline 32 Chapter 2. Environmental Impact of Transportation and Power Sectors 35 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Theoretical background: literature review 37 2.3. Methodology 40 2.3.1. Long-run co-integration and ECM 42 2.3.2. Checking the robustness of results 47 2.3.3. The ECM-Granger causality approach 50 2.4. Data and descriptive statistics 52 2.5. Results and discussion 53 2.6. Limitations and future researches 65 2.7. Conclusions and recommendations 65 Chapter 3. Modelling Consumers Purchasing Intention for Electric Vehicles in Four Megacities of Iran 69 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Basic concepts 72 3.2.1. Electric vehicles technology 72 3.2.2. Modeling techniques: an overview 73 3.3. Influential factors on willingness to pay for EVs: literature review 75 3.3.1. Situational (objective) 76 3.3.1.1. Monetary factors 77 3.3.1.2. Environmental attitude 78 3.3.1.3. Technical vehicle features 79 3.3.2. Demographics 80 3.3.3. Psychological (subjective) 81 3.3.3.1. Experience and perceived behavioral control (PBC) 81 3.3.3.2. Social influence 82 3.3.3.3. Other psychological factors 82 3.4. Sample characteristics 86 3.5. Methodologies 88 3.5.1. Choice experiment approach 88 3.5.2. Attributes 89 3.5.3. Survey instrument 91 3.5.4. Econometric models 94 3.5.4.1. Utility function and mixed logit model 94 3.5.4.2. Latent class model 97 3.6. Results and discussion 99 3.6.1. Descriptive statistics 99 3.6.2. mixed logit model 102 3.6.3. Market simulation 106 3.6.3. Latent class membership 114 3.7. Limitations and future researches 120 3.8. Conclusions and recommendations 121 Chapter 4. Barriers to Renewable Energy Technologies Penetration: Perspective in Iran 127 4.1. Introduction 127 4.2. Literature review 129 4.3. Barriers identification in Iran 135 4.3.1. Economic and financial aspect and sub-criteria 140 4.3.2. Social, cultural, and behavioral aspect and sub-criteria 140 4.3.3. Political and regulatory aspect and sub-criteria 141 4.3.4. Technical aspect and sub-criteria 142 4.3.5. Institutional aspect and sub-criteria 143 4.4. Methodology: analytic hierarchy process 143 4.5. Results and discussion 148 4.5.1. Category hierarchy results 148 4.5.2. Ranking of barriers within categories 149 4.5.3. Global ranking 151 4.5.4. Sensitivity analysis 157 4.6. Limitation and future research 163 4.7. Conclusions and recommendations 164 References 173 Annexes 203 A. Environmental Impact of Transportation and Power Sectors: related studies 203 B. Modelling Consumers Purchasing Intention for Electric Vehicles in Four Megacities of Iran 206 B.1. Assumption for group A 208 B.2. Assumption for groups B 209 B.3. Choice cards for groups A 209 B.4. Common parts for two groups 215 B.4.1. Respondent Demographic Information 215 B.4.2. Respondent Psychological Information 217 C. Barriers to the Development of REs Technologies: Iranian Perspective 218 C.1. Guideline to fill the questionnaire up 220 C.1.1. Main Barriers to the development of REs in Iran 221 C.1.2. Ranking more disadvantageous barriers to the development of the cost-effective REs in Iran 229 C.1.3. Guideline to fill the questionnaire up 230 C.1.4. Demographic and general information of the respondent 238 C.2. Ranking of sub-criteria in each criterion 239 C.3. The relative importance of alternatives based on the barriers244 C.4. Global ranking of barriers regarding each alternative 257 Abbreviation 260 요약 (Abstract) 266 Acknowledgment 269Docto

Assessing the impact of green energy and finance on environmental performance in China and Japan

China and Japan have enjoyed significant economic boosts due to technological progress. However, these are accompanied by serious environmental pollution, which has brought China and Japan’s commitments to climate treaties into question. Therefore, this study attempts to contribute to the literature on green finance, energy, and the environmental sustainability nexus. We investigate the role of green finance and energy in the environmental performance of Asia (China and Japan) between 2010 and 2020. The empirical results show that green finance promotes environmental sustainability, suggesting that green finance reduces environmental pollution. Similarly, green energy positively affects environmental performance; this validates the theory that green energy technology is environmentally friendly. Therefore, we recommend promoting the green energy system through subsidies and grants

Review on Waste-to-Energy Approaches toward a Circular Economy in Developed and Developing Countries

International interest in using waste-to-energy (WtE) technology toward a circular economy (CE) is developing, spurred by environmental challenges such as inefficient solid waste dumping, pollution, and resource depletion. Incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, landfill, and anaerobic digestion are standard WtE technologies. Although these methods have been used for many decades, all countries try to implement the best plans based on their technologies and capacities. Therefore, an up-to-date comprehensive study is needed to evaluate the existing barriers to draw a logical roadmap for WtE to CE. Therefore, this review addresses the recent policies adopted by developed and developing countries for WtE technologies. Based on the findings, most countries seek the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable pathways in WtE to CE; meanwhile, international collaboration and governmental support are needed to overcome the existing barriers and find a sustainable and economically viable plan for both developed and developing countries in the future

An Overview of Household Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran

This review tends to obtain a deeper understanding of the methods used in household energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran. Issues relating to energy consumption and CO2 emissions are very complex. This complexity arises from the fact that energy demand and energy consumption in Iran are influenced by many factors, such as income, household size, age, and gender. In Iran, the relevant energy sources mostly include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, which are used for different sectors, such as transportation, industry, and residential. This overview looks at both the theories and empirical studies of household energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran. Since energy consumption typically results in air pollution, it is often used as an indicator of environmental degradation. Although Iran is recently faced to energy efficiency improvement from all sectors, household energy requirements have been significantly increased. In Iran, a prime motivator had been improving living standards. As Iran gradually turns into a consumer society, households have an enormous influence on the direct use of energy and related CO2 emissions as well as through indirect use, as embodied in goods and services. The findings of this study can help policymakers to focus on renewable energy projects in order to reduce energy consumption and mitigate CO2 emissions

Technical Aspects of Biofuel Production from Different Sources in Malaysia—A Review

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, biofuel production from renewable sources has gained interest. Malaysia, as a tropical country with huge resources, has a high potential to produce different types of biofuels from renewable sources. In Malaysia, biofuels can be produced from various sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, palm oil residues, and municipal wastes. Besides, biofuels are divided into two main categories, called liquid (bioethanol and biodiesel) and gaseous (biohydrogen and biogas). Malaysia agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030 as they signed the Paris agreement in 2016. Therefore, we reviewed the status and potential of Malaysia as one of the main biofuel producers in the world in recent years. The role of government and existing policies have been discussed to analyze the outlook of the biofuel industries in Malaysia

Developing a climate change vulnerability index for coastal city sustainability, mitigation, and adaptation: A case study of kuala terengganu, malaysia

Coastal hazards are an urgent issue of global concern considering the increasing population pressure in coastal regions, retreating coastlines, and rising seawater levels. Here we demonstrate the process of assessing the vulnerability of a coastal urban environment using the case of Kuala Terengganu, a coastal town in Malaysia, and evaluating the potential social, environmental, and economic impacts. Uncertainties in the human dimensions of global change deeply affect the assessment and responses to environmental, climatic, and non‐climate impacts on coastal city population growth and communities. We address these uncertainties by combining a Delphi‐Analytical Hierarchy Process (Delphi‐AHP) model and Geographic Information System (GIS)tools to determine mitigation and adaptation probabilities as part of a Coastal City Vulnerability Assessment. We conclude by presenting calculations of the short‐ and long‐term suitability for land use and recommending hazard mitigation measures to equip city planners and decision‐makers in evaluating hazards and potential impacts on coastal city areas